Mangropedia: August 2017

Tuesday 15 August 2017

List of Mangroves in Sri Lanka (শ্রীলঙ্কার বাদাগাছের তালিকা)

MAJOR MANGROVES

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Avicennia marina | ‍Sinhalese Names: Manda | Tamil Names: Kanna | English Names: Grey Mangrove

Avicennia officinalis | ‍Sinhalese Names: Manda | Tamil Names: Kanna | English Names: Grey Mangrove

Bruguiera cylindrica | ‍Sinhalese Names: Mal Kadol | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Bruguiera gymnorhiza | ‍Sinhalese Names: Sirikanda | Tamil Names: Thuddu Ponna, Uredi | English Names: Large-leafed Mangrove, Black mangrove

Bruguiera sexangula | ‍Sinhalese Names: Mal Kadol | Tamil Names: Unknown| English Names: Unknown

Ceriops decandra | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Ceriops tagal | ‍Sinhalese Names: Rathu Kadol | Tamil Names: Chirukandal | English Names: Unknown

Lumnitzera littorea | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Lumnitzera racemosa | ‍Sinhalese Names: Beriya | Tamil Names: Tipparethai | English Names: Unknown

Nypa fruticans | ‍Sinhalese Names: Nipa, Moodu Puvak | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Mangrove Plam

Rhizophora apiculata | ‍Sinhalese Names: Maha Kadol | Tamil Names: Kandal | English Names: Unknown

Rhizophora mucronata | ‍Sinhalese Names: Maha Kadol | Tamil Names: Kandal | English Names: Unknown

Sonneratia alba | ‍Sinhalese Names: Kirala | Tamil Names: Ucittakarai | English Names: Mangrove Apple

Sonneratia apetala | ‍Sinhalese Names: Kirala | Tamil Names: Ucittakarai | English Names: Mangrove Apple

Sonneratia caseolaris | ‍Sinhalese Names: Kirala | Tamil Names: Ucittakarai | English Names: Mangrove Apple

MINOR MANGROVES

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Aegiceras corniculatum | ‍Sinhalese Names: Heen Kadol | Tamil Names: Vithilikanna | English Names: Unknown

Cerbera odollam | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Cerbera manghas | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Cynometra iripa | ‍Sinhalese Names: Opulu | Tamil Names: Kadumpuli | English Names: Wrinkled Pot Mangrove

Excoecaria agallocha | ‍Sinhalese Names: Thela | Tamil Names: Tillai, Thilla | English Names: Blinding Tree

Tamarix indica | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Xylocarpus granatum | ‍Sinhalese Names: Mal Kadol, Mutti Kadol | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Xylocarpus rumphii | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

MANGROVE ASSOCIATES

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Blysmus rufus | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea | ‍Sinhalese Names: Elapitawakka | Tamil Names: Nila | English Names: Unknown

Sesuvium portulacastrum | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Vachellia farnesiana | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

Volkameria inermis | ‍Sinhalese Names: Unknown | Tamil Names: Unknown | English Names: Unknown

SOURCES
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Wikipedia. List of Mangroves of Sri Lanka (retrieved on 15 August 2017)
DH-WEB. Mangroves Sri Lanka: Botanical Names - Sinhala Names (retrieved on 15 August 2017)
Mangropedia. List of Mangrove Plant Species of the Sundarbans (Bangladesh) (retrieved on 15 August 2017)

Friday 11 August 2017

Major Mangrove Plants (মূখ্যবাদা প্রজাতি)

পৃথিবীতে হাজার হাজার গোত্রের (Family) আওতায় লাখ লাখ গণের (Genus) অধীন কোটি কোটি উদ্ভিদ প্রজাতি আছে। এর মধ্যে কতোগুলো প্রজাতিকে বাদাগাছ (Mangrove Plants) বলা হয়। উদ্ভিদের বৈশিষ্ট্য, ও প্রতিবেশ বিবেচনায় নিয়ে বাদাগাছগুলোকে তিনভাগে ভাগ করা হয় : মূখ্যবাদা (Major Mangrove, Pure Mangrove or Extreme Mangrove), গৌণবাদা (Minor Mangrove) ও বাদা সহচর (Mangrove Associate)।

বাদা বিশেষজ্ঞগণের মতে মাত্র ৫টি গোত্রের ১০টি গণ মূখ্যবাদা হিশেবে পরিগণিত। মূখ্যবাদা প্রজাতিগুলোর দুটো প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে : (১) একই গণের কোনো প্রজাতিই বাদাবন বা বাদা প্রতিবেশের বাইরে স্বাভাবিকভাবে বেড়ে উঠতে পারে না। এবং (২) সাধারণত বাদাবনে এসব উদ্ভিদ একসঙ্গে জন্মায় এবং ছোটখাটো বন বা আবাসস্থল গড়ে তোলে।

মূখ্যবাদা শ্রেণীর গোত্র ও গণসমূহ হলো : Acanthaceae বা বাসক গোত্রের Avicennia (বাইন) গণ; Arecaceae বা তাল গোত্রের Nypa (গোলপাতা) গণ; Combretaceae বা অর্জুন গোত্রের Conocarpus, Laguncularia ও Lumnitzera (কিরপা) গণ; Lythraceae বা জারুল গোত্রের Sonnetaria (কেওড়া) গণ এবং Rhizophoraceae বা গর্জন গোত্রের Bruguiera (কাঁকড়া), Ceriops (গরান), Kandelia (গুরা) ও Rhizophora (গর্জন) গণ ।

মূখ্যবাদা প্রজাতির উদ্ভিদ

ACANTHACEAE (বাসক গোত্র) : একটি গণ

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Avicennia: ৮টি প্রজাতি, ২টি উপ-প্রজাতি ও ১টি জাত গৃহীত; ১টি প্রজাতি অমীমাংসিত

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Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenke (1940)

Avicennia bicolor Standl. (1923)

Avicennia germinans (L.) L. (1764)

Avicennia integra N.C.Duke (1988)

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (1907) : মরিচা বাইন, পেয়ারা বাইন, কনক বাইন
Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett (1994)
Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett (1994)
Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh. (1921)
Avicennia mindanaense Elmer (1915) [Unresolved]
Avicennia officinalis L. (1753) : কালা বাইন, জাত বাইন, বড়ো বাইন
Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke (1939)
Avicennia tonduzii Moldenke (1938)

ARECACEAE (তাল গোত্র) : একটি গণ

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Nypa (গোলপাতা গণ)
(১টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত, কোনো অমীমাংসিত প্রজাতি নেই)

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Nypa fruticans Wurmb (1779) : গোলপাতা, গোলপাতি, ওমগাছ

COMBRETACEAE (অর্জুন গোত্র) : তিনটি গণ

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Conocarpus: ২টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত ও ২টি অমীমাংসিত

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Conocarpus erectus L. (1753)
Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. (1900)
Conocarpus monocarpus Steud. (1821) [Unresolved]
Conocarpus parvifolius Hochst. ex A.Rich. (1848) [Unresolved]

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Laguncularia: ১টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত ও ৬টি অমীমাংসিত

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Laguncularia glabriflora C.Presl (1831) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia glabrifolia C. Presl (1831) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia haenkei Endl. (1836) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia lutea Gaudich. (1830) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia martii Colla (1834) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia pedicellata Steud. (1840) [Unresolved]
Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F.Gaertn. (1807)

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Lumnitzera: ২টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত ও ৪টি অমীমাংসিত

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Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt (1845)
Lumnitzera lutea C.Presl (1833) [Unresolved]
Lumnitzera montana F.Muell. (1861) [Unresolved]
Lumnitzera pedicellata C.Presl (1831) [Unresolved]
Lumnitzera pentandra Griff. (1854) [Unresolved]
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. (1803) : কিরপা, কৃপা

LYTHRACEAE (জারুল গোত্র) : একটি গণ

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Sonnetaria: ৪টি প্রজাতি ও ২টি সঙ্কর গৃহীত; ৪টি প্রজাতি ও ১টি সঙ্কর অমীমাংসিত

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Sonneratia alba Sm. (1816) : সাদাচক কেওড়া
Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. (1800) : কেওড়া, কেরফা
Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. (1897) : ওড়া, ছৈলা, ছইলা
Sonneratia griffithii Kurz (1875) [Unresolved] : চক কেওড়া
Sonneratia × gulngai N.C. Duke & Jackes (1984)
Sonneratia × hainanensis W.C. Ko, E.Y. Chen & W.Y. Chen (1985)
Sonneratia lanceolata Blume (1851) [Unresolved]
Sonneratia ovata Backer (1920)
Sonneratia pagatpat Blanco (1837) [Unresolved]
Sonneratia rubra Oken (1841) [Unresolved]
Sonneratia × urama N.C.Duke (1994) [Unresolved]

RHIZOPHORACEAE (গর্জন গোত্র) : চারটি গণ

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Bruguiera: ৬টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত, ৩টি প্রজাতি ও ১টি সঙ্কর অমীমাংসিত

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Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume (1827) : বকুল কাঁকড়া
Bruguiera exaristata Ding Hou (1957)
Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. (1798) : লাল কাঁকড়া
Bruguiera hainesii C.G.Rogers (1919)
Bruguiera madagascariensis DC. (1828) [Unresolved]
Bruguiera nemorosa Blanco (1845) [Unresolved]
Bruguiera obtusa Steud. (1840) [Unresolved]
Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. (1836) : বকুল কাঁকড়া
Bruguiera parviflora Wight (1834) [Unresolved]
Bruguiera × rhynchopetala (W.C.Ko) N.C.Duke & X.J.Ge (2011) [Unresolved]
Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. (1816) : চম্পা কাঁকড়া, সোনা চম্পা, ঠুসিয়া

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Ceriops: ৫টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত, কোনো অমীমাংসিত প্রজাতি নেই

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Ceriops australis (C.T.White) Ballment, T.J.Sm. & J.A.Stoddart (1989)
Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W.Theob. (1860) : ঝামটি গরান, জামটি গরান, জালিয়া গরান, জেলে গরান
Ceriops pseudodecandra Sheue, H.G.Liu, C.C.Tsai & Yuen P.Yang (2010)
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob. (1908) : মট গরান, মাঠ গরান, মঠ গরান
Ceriops zippeliana Blume (1850)

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Kandelia: ২টি প্রজাতি গৃহীত, ১টি অমীমাংসিত

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Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (1914) : গুরা, ভাতকাঠি, গোরিয়া, গুরিয়া, রোহিণী
Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y. Liu & J. Yong (2003)
Kandelia rheedii Wight & Arn. (1834) [Unresolved]

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Rhizophora: ৬টি প্রজাতি ও একটি সঙ্কর গৃহীত; ১৭টি প্রজাতি, ২টি সঙ্কর ও ১টি জাত অমীমাংসিত

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Rhizophora aegiceras C.F.Gaertn. (1807) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora aegiceras J.F.Gmel. (1791) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora × annamalayana Kathiresan (1999) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora apiculata Blume (1827) : ঝানা, ভরাঝানা, তোরা, গর্জন
Rhizophora australis Steud. (1841) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora decandra Roxb. (1814) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora decandra Roxb. ex Griff. (1854) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora eriopetala Steud. (1841) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora glomerulata Zipp. ex Blume (1850) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora × harrisonii Leechm. (1918)
Rhizophora lamarckii Montrouz. (1860) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora latifolia Miq. (1861) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora mangle L. (1753)
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (1804) : গর্জন, খামু
Rhizophora mucronata var. selala Salvoza (1936) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora obtusa Dennst. (1818) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora pachypoda Baill. (1875) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora parviflora Roxb. (1824) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora pauciflora Griff. (1854) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora polandra Blanco (1837) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora racemosa G.Mey. (1818)
Rhizophora rheedii Steud. (1841) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora rugens Ehrenb. ex Schweinf. (1867) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora samoensis (Hochr.) Salvoza (1936)
Rhizophora selala (Salvoza) Toml. (1978) [Unresolved]
Rhizophora stylosa Griff. (1854)
Rhizophora × tomlinsonii N.C.Duke (2010) [Unresolved]

গৃহীত ও অমীমাংসিত সকল প্রজাতি (species), সঙ্কর (hybrid), উপ-প্রজাতি (sub-species) ও জাত (variety) ও হিসাবে ধরলে মোট মূখ্যবাদা উদ্ভিদের সংখ্যা দাঁড়ায় ৮৬। এর মধ্যে ৭৫টি প্রজাতি, ৭টি সঙ্কর, ২টি উপ-প্রজাতি ও ২টি জাত। অমীমাংসিত প্রজাতি, উপ-প্রজাতি, সঙ্কর ও জাত ব্যতীত মূখ্যবাদা উদ্ভিদের সংখ্যা ৪৩ যার মধ্যে ৩৭টি প্রজাতি, ৩টি সঙ্কর, ২টি উপ-প্রজাতি ও ১টি জাত। অর্থাৎ, এখনও পর্যন্ত ৩৮টি প্রজাতি, ৪টি সঙ্কর ও ১টি জাত চিহ্নিত হয়েছে কিন্তু উদ্ভিদবিদগণ নিশ্চিতভাবে গ্রহণ করতে পারেননি।

তথ্যসূত্র
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Ahmed, Z.U., Hassan, M.A., Begum, Z.N.T., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M. and Ahmed, A.T.A (eds.). (2009). Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka: August 2009
জানা, দেবপ্রসাদ (সম্পা.). (২০১৬). শ্রীখণ্ড সুন্দরবন. দীপ প্রকাশন. কলকাতা : জানুয়ারি ২০১৬
The Plant List (retrieved on 11 August 2017)
Tomlinson, P.B. (1986). The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press. New York.
Wikipedia. Mangrove (retrieved on 11 August 2017)

প্রদায়ক
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হাসান মেহেদী

Thursday 10 August 2017

What is Mangropedia?

Mangropedia is a multilingual free-content, open-sourced and web-based encyclopedia on Mangrove Forest and Ecology and based on an openly-editable content. It is initiated by CLEAN (Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network) in 2015 but contributed by voluntary developers, contributors and editors. The word "Mangropedia" is portmanteau of the words Mangro (short form of mangrove) and encyclopedia.

Mangropedia is written collaboratively by anonymous volunteers who write without pay. Anyone with Internet access can write and make changes to Mangropedia articles. Users can contribute anonymously, under a pseudonym, or, if they choose to, with their real identity. Authentic name of the contributor are preferred because it will help to issue a certificate of Volunteer, Contributor or Editor from Mangropedia.

Mangropedia have some Guiding Principles which are almost like Wikipedia. The Mangropedia community will also develop respective policies and guidelines to improve the encyclopedia; however, it is not a formal requirement to be familiar with them before contributing.

People of all ages, cultures and backgrounds can add or edit article prose, references, images and other media of Mangropedia. What is contributed is more important than the expertise or qualifications of the contributor. What will remain depends upon whether the content is free of copyright restrictions and contentious material about Mangroves, and whether it fits within Mangropedia's policies, including being verifiable against a published reliable source.

Mangropedia is a live collaboration between contributors which is totally different from paper-based reference sources. Mangropedia is to create and update articles continually and regularly to comply with historic events appearing within minutes. Older articles tend to be more comprehensive and balanced whether newer articles may contain misinformation. Awareness of this helps the reader to obtain valid information and avoid recently added misinformation.

What is to write on Mangropedia?

MANGROVE RELATED PERSONS BIOGRAPHY

Detailed description or account of someone's life related with Mangrove conservation, research, administration or any other form of activities. More than a list of basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death), a biography also portrays a subject's experience of these events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of a subject's personality. Please follow this Google Form (Bengali | English) or download the template (Bengali | English) to write a new biography.

MANGROVE RELATED PROJECT

Description with objectives, financing, results and critics of the projects related with Mangrove conservation and restoration. Please follow this Google Form (Bengali | English) or download the template (Bengali | English) to write about a project.

Conservation and Destruction: How to conserve and restore mangrove forests, why how it is degrading and destroying
Culture: Description of mangrove related Folk Festivals, Poetry, Fiction Stories, Traditional games, Legend Stories, Beliefs, Mangrove Deities, Proverbs etc.
Definitions: (a) Category of Mangroves: Description and analysis of different elements of mangrove forests like: Black Mangrove, Grey Mangrove, Major Mangrove, Mangrove Associates, Mangrove Palm, Minor Mangrove, Red Mangrove, True Mangrove, White Mangrove, Yellow Mangrove etc. (b) Ecological Elements: Brackish Water, Canopy, Detritus, Ecology, Ecosystem, Freshwater, Hyper-salinity, Intertidal Zone, Mangrove Forest, Salinity, Saltmarsh, Sanctuary, Sequestration, Swamp, Wetland etc. (c) Species and their parts: Alien Species, Amphibian, Arthropod, Bird, Class (of living organism), Exotic Species, Extinct Species, Family (of living organism), Fauna, Fern, Fish, Flora, Hydrophyte, Invasive Species, Invertebrate, Mammal, Native Species, Palm, Plant, Pneumatophore, Prop Root, Propagule, Pugmark, Reptile, Shrub, Tree, Halophyte etc.
Distribution of Mangroves: (a) List of Countries with Mangrove Forests[1]: World, Africa, Asia, Central America, North America, Oceania, South America; (b) List of Mangrove Forests: World, Africa, Asia, Central America, North America, Oceania, South America etc. (c) List of country-wise Mangrove Forests: Mangrove Forests of Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines etc.
Description of the Mangrove Forests: Like Balikapan, Bhitarkanika Mangrove Forest, Baratang Island Mangroves, Chakoria Sundarbans, Fujian Quanzhou Bay Mangrove Reserve, Fujian Jiulongjiangkou Mangrove Reserve, Fujian Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Reserve, Godavari-Krishna Mangroves, Guangdong Zhanjiang Mangrove Reserve, Guangdong Zhuhai Mangrove Reserve, Guangxi Beilunhekou Mangrove Reserve, Guangxi Maoweihai Mangrove Reserve, Guangxi Shankou Mangrove Reserve, Hainan Qinglangang Mangrove Reserve, Lush Mangrove Forest, Mai Po Mangrove and Wildlife Reserve, Pichavaram Mangrove Forest, Shenzhen Futian Mangrove-Bird Reserve, Sunderbans National Park (SNP), Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR), The Sundarbans, Zhanjiang National Mangrove Reserve (ZNMR) etc. Zones of Mangrove Forest: Sundarbans Impact Zone (SIZ) etc.
Flora and Fauna Species: Clear description and characteristics of species found in the Mangrove Forests. Plants, Animals, Birds, Fishes and micro-organisms found in mangrove forests.
Livelihoods and Livelihood Groups: Bawali (wood and Golpata collectors), Chunari (Lime Makers), Fishermen, Jongra Khota (Oyster Collectors), Moual (Honey Collectors), Tourist Guides etc.
Mangrove Ecology: Buffer Zone, Ecologically Critical Area (ECA), Impact Zone, Alien Species in the Mangrove Forests, Amphibians of Mangrove Forests, Birds of Mangrove Forest and Wetlands, Exotic Species of the Mangrove Forests, Mangroves and Climate Change etc.
Mangrove Related Organizations: Description, projects and history of the organizations related with Mangrove Conservation and restoration, even if it is only one species.
Tourist Spots: (a) List of Mangrove Tourist Spots: World, Africa, Asia, Central America, North America, Oceania, South America; (b) List of Country-wise Mangrove Tourist Spots: Mangrove Tourist Spots of (Bangladesh, India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka etc. (c) Description of Mangrove Tourist Spots

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[1] Mangroves are found in 122 countries and regions of the world. The countries and regions are: American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, United States Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna Islands and Yemen.